Validation of the Simplified Chinese-character Version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Long Form in Urban Community-dwelling Adults: a Cross-sectional Study in Hangzhou, China / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To assess the test-retest reliability and criterion validity of the Simplified Chinese-character version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Long form (IPAQ-L) in urban community-dwelling adults in Hanghzou, China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 158 eligible participants aged 25-59 years from 6 neighbourhoods in two central districts of Hangzhou completed the IPAQ-L questionnaire twice within a 7-day interval. Half of the subjects wore pedometers during the first 7 days. Test-retest reliability was examined by comparing the first (Day 1) and the second (Day 9) survey of IPAQ-L. Criterion validity was assessed by comparing IPAQ-L with pedometer data.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Modest to good test-retest reliability was found with intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.67 for total PA, 0.37 to 0.73 for specific dimensions, and 0.56 to 0.71 for different intensities of PA. Total PA measured by IPAQ-L was moderately correlated with exercise levels (partial r = 0.27, P = 0.020) and walking distance (partial r = 0.31, P = 0.007), which were measured by a pedometer, after adjusting for gender, age, educational attainment and employment status.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Our results indicate that the IPAQ-L is a reliable and validated measure for assessing physical activity levels in this population and possibly the adult population in other mainland Chinese cities.</p>

A Study on Association of Nutrition Training and Nutrition Intervention Consciousness,Intervention Behaviors among Community Medical Staff in Hangzhou City / 预防医学

Objective To know the status of nutrition education of community medical staff and analyze its association with nutrition intervention consciousness and behaviors.Methods Three representative districts including Xiacheng,Gongshu and Westlake were selected and 846 community medical staff was involved in this study.Questionnaire investigation was applied to collect the information from mainly three aspects including training,consciousness and practice.Logistic stepwise regression analysis and Cochran -Mantel -Haenszel test were used.Results Most of the community medical staff was female (78.49%).78.95% of the staff had received the training of nutrition knowledge and its main influencing factor was working time.The Association was observed between the nutrition training and the preparation of nutrition consultation. The more training received,the higher self -assessment would be (P <0.05 ).Meanwhile,as the types of training increased,the awareness and attitude of medical staff was improved remarkably,such as knowing risks of unhealthy dietary,asking the dietary habit of the patients routinely,and advising patients to establish a good dietary habit to their children (all P <0.05 ).Nutrition training also had a positive association with nutrition intervention behavior ,such as implementing more measurement of blood pressure, weight, and blood cholesterol for community outpatients, communicating with them in the importance of balanced diet and proper nutrition,and giving weight loss suggestion to obese patients (all P <0.05).Conclusion Training on nutrition knowledge and intervention skills of community medical staff should be emphasized and reinforced in the future,in order to promote the effect on chronic diseases prevention of community -based intervention strategies.

Single application on iris localization technology in excimer laser for astigmatism / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: To discuss the single application on iris localization technology in excimer laser for the treatment of astigmatism. METHODS:Totally 203 cases (406 eyes) of laser in situ keratomileusis ( LASIK ) in the treatment of compound myopic astigmatism patients were operated from November 2011 to November 2012 in our hospital. They were divided into two groups. One was observation group using iris localization and the other was control group using routine operation. Patients in the observation group of 100 cases ( 200 eyes ) , aged 18-43 years old, spherical diopter was - 1. 25 to - 8. 75D, astigmatism was -1. 0 to -3. 25D. In control group, 103 patients ( 206 eyes ) , aged 19-44 years old, spherical diopter was -1. 75-9. 50D, astigmatism was -1. 0 to -3. 25D. The patients in the observation group before the application of WaveScan aberrometer check for iris image, spherical lens, cylindrical lens and astigmatism axis data operation, only single application of iris location, without using wavefront aberration guided technology, laser cutting patterns for conventional LASIK model, spherical, cylindrical mirror and astigmatism axis  RESULTS: Postoperative residual astigmatism, the observation group was significantly better than the control group. Astigmatism axial measurement after operation, the observation group was significantly less than that of the control group. Postoperative visual acuity at 6mo, the observation group was better than that of the control group. The difference was statistically significant. data source to preoperative wavefront aberration results. The control group received routine LASIK. It was applicated comprehensive optometry optometry respectively to examine astigmatism and axial, based on the computer analysis during the preoperative, 1wk after the operation, and 6mo. Analysis of using SPSS 17 statistical software, it was independent-sample t test between the two groups of residual astigmatism and astigmatism axis. CONCLUSION: For patients who cannot complete the wavefront aberration guided treatment of astigmatism, can separate the application of wavefront aberration analyzer automatic iris recognition technology to improve precision of astigmatism treatment, give full play to advanced technical performance of equipment, which has good application value.

Relations between attitude and practice of smoking and the training program regarding tobacco control among community medical staff members in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To investigate the relations between training and both the attitude and practice on smoking control among community medical staff members in Hangzhou,Zhejiang province.Methods Three representative districts including Xiacheng,Gongshu and Westlake were chosen from Hangzhou city.Questionnaire survey was applied to collect information from the related community medical staff members.The survey mainly contained three aspects:knowledge,attitude and practice regarding smoking control involved in the community medical activities.Availability and application of the resources on smoking cessation were also studied.Logistic regression analysis was applied to explore the factors associated with the smoking control training programs.Differences of rates between groups were assessed with chi-square statistics.Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to study the relationships among knowledge,attitude and practice related to smoking control programs,targeted to the community medical staff members.Results Eight hundred forty-six community medical workers were involved.Sixty-five percent of the community medical staff members had learned related knowledge on smoking control.Proportion of the community medical staff who had taken lessons on smoking control with 3-10 working years was 1.77 times more than the ones with experience less than two years (OR=1.77,95％CI:1.25-2.51).Eighty-eight point seven percent of the medical staff who had received smoking control training programs were identified with the consciousness that they should advise the patients to quit smoking,comparing to the proportion 81.60％ (Z=-2.87,P=0.00) in the control group.In terms of the practice regarding smoking control,data showed that 21.62％ of the medical staff who had received smoking control training programs would provide ‘how to quit smoking' to more than 90％ of the smoking patients,while the proportion in the control group was 10.65％ (Z=-5.68,P=0.00).The use of drugs,traditional Chinese medicine therapy and the smoking cessation hotline rate were all less than 30％.Conclusion The training programs being used on smoking control seemed useful in improving the consciousness and practice towards the smoking control programs during their medical activities among the community medical staff members.

Evaluation on the effect of intervention strategies regarding lifestyle-health promotion among community medical staff in Hangzhou city / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of workplace intervention programs related with health-promoting lifestyles among community medical staff members in the communities of Hangzhou city.Methods Three representative districts including Xiacheng,Gongshu and Westlake were chosen and all the community medical staff was involved in the study.Questionnaire survey was applied to collect the information from all the community medical staff.Three aspects including 1,environmental support and policies on healthy lifestyles 2,lectures and activities related to healthpromoting programs provided,and 3,peer effect on health promotion,were studied.Chi square test and logistic stepwise regression analysis were applied.Results Intervention strategies on smoking,diet and physical exercises were analyzed respectively.It was indicated that none of the lectures,regulations or individual counseling regarding smoking cessation was associated with the decrease of smoking behavior.Medical staff that taking part in the lectures on balanced diet showed higher frequencies of vegetable/fruit intake,with the frequencies of vegetables/fruits consumption on 4 or more days/per week appeared 1.74 times more than that in the control group.As for the physical exercise intervention was concerned,the peer effect was found to be obvious.Medical staff that taking exercise with colleagues tended to do more exercises with frequency in taking moderate or high intensity exercises 5 or more days/per week as 1.62 times than that of the control group.Data also indicated that regardless of intervention programs on diet or on physical activities,the combination effect could statistically improve the healthy behavior on diet or physical exercise.Conclusion Intervention programs on both balanced diet and physical exercises were preliminarily found to be associated with enhanced health promotion behavior for workplace health promotion strategies but need to be verified through further intervention studies of the same sort.

Changes in knowledge and behavior related to tobacco consumption among urban population before and after the enforcement of the Smoke Control Ordinance in Public Places of Hangzhou in 2010 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To examine the changes in tobacco related knowledge,smoking habit and the amount if environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) among urban population before and after the enforcement of the Smoke Control Ordinance in Public Places of Hangzhou in March 2010.Methods Two independent cross-sectional surveys were conducted on random samples from adults aged 18-64 years in three districts of Hangzhou city between two petiods:October 2008 to August 2009 and June 2011 to February 2012.Results A total of 2016 adults at the initial stage and 2016adults during the follow-up program completed the survey.Nine out of the ten indices related to the knowledge on tobacco presented an improvement during the follow-up process.All the participants (22.4％ vs.17.7％,P＜0.001) and men (44.2％ vs.37.3％,P=0.004) showed statistically significant declines in the prevalence of smoking,when compared with women (1.7％ vs.1.2％,P=0.379).The proportions of individuals who had noticed anyone smoking in the previous 30 days demonstrated statistically significant declines in nine types of places:school (5.6％ vs.2.7％,P＜0.001),health centre (11.4％ vs.3.7％, P＜0.001),public transportation (19.2％ vs.12.2％,P＜0.001),government building (11.3％ vs.5.6％,P＜ 0.001),restaurant (67.0％ vs.61.3％,P=0.002),workplace (49.7％ vs.38.3％,P＜0.001),private office building (23.6％ vs.19.9％,P=0.023),home (41.0％ vs.35.5％,P=0.003),friend's home (33.9％ vs.29.5％,P=0.017).Conclusion Positive changes were noticed among urban population with respect to tobacco related knowledge,prevalence of smoking,and the environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) after the enforcement of the Smoke Control Ordinance in Public Places of Hangzhou.

Assessment on the short-term impact regarding the community-based interventions to improve physical activities in three urban areas of Hangzhou city / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To evaluate the short-term impact of comprehensive communitybased intervention on physical activity (PA) of adults living in the three urban communities of Hangzhou city.Methods Within the framework of Community Interventions for Health (CIH) Program,a community trial was conducted in two urban areas (Xiacheng district and Gongshu district) and an urban area (Xihu district) as control,by a parallel comparison and random grouping based quasi-experimental design.Two independent questionnaire-based surveys of cross-sectional samples in the intervention and comparison areas were used to assess the short-term impact of the intervention program.Results A total of 2016 adults at baseline and 2016 adults at follow-up stages,completed the survey,including 1016 adults from the intervention areas and 1000 from the comparison area.Over the two-year intervention period,the cognitive level on benefits of physical activity in the intervention areas were trending downward.The changes observed in the comparison area did not show statistical significance.Intervention areas showed a statistically significant increase (1204 vs.1386,P=0.023) in the level of physical activity (metabolic equivalent,MET-minutes/week) compared with the comparison area (918 vs.924,P=0.201).And results remained the same after eliminating the possible effects of age factor.Conclusion After a two-year intervention,beneficial changes were noted in the intervention areas with respect to the level of physical activity.A community-based intervention program on physical activity seemed feasible and effective in the urban areas of Hangzhou.

Fruit and vegetable consumption and related influencing factors among urban junior students in Hangzhou / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To explore the fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption and related influencing factors among urban junior students in Hangzhou.Methods In a cross-sectional study,a self-administered questionnaire was used to assess the frequency and amount of FV consumption as well as related socio-demographic characteristics.Logistic regression method was applied to study other factors related to the amount of vegetables consumption ≥ 21 servings and fruit comsumption ≥14 servings per week.Results Among 3724 junior students included in this study,54.7％ of them consumed FV daily,23.6％ consumed vegetables ≥21 servings and fruit ≥14 servings per week (equaled to vegetables ≥3 servings and fruit ≥2 servings every day).The level of FV intake was high in girls,mother with higher education,and higher family socioeconomic status (SES).After controlling 5 socio-demographic factors,data on the consumption of daily vegetables ≥21 servings and fruit ≥ 14 servings weekly,were positively associated with daily physical activity (PA) ≥60 min (OR=1.667,95％CI:1.216-2.203),encouragement on FV intake daily by family (OR=1.881,95％ CI:1.498-2.363),positive familial attitude on the daily intake of FV (OR=1.275,95％ CI:1.025-1.586),preparation FV 3-6 days per week (OR=1.691,95％CI:1.310-2.183) or daily (OR=2.944,95％ CI:2.348-3.690),family consumption of FV with children/3-6 days per week (OR=1.392,95％ CI:1.056-1.835) or on the daily base (OR=2.817,95％ CI:2.217-3.580),breakfast usually made at home (OR=1.364,95％ CI:1.158-1.607),offering FV course atschool last year (OR=1.238,95％CI:1.035-1.480) and awareness on the benefit of FV (OR =3.150,95％ CI:1.121-8.856) etc.respectively.Conclusion Socio-demographic characteristics,daily PA,dietary pattern at home,education and awareness on the benefits of FV on health etc.were all related to the FV intake among junior students in Hangzhou.

Prevalence rate regarding the completion of 'recommended physical activities' and related influencing factors among junior students in 3 urban districts of Hangzhou / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To explore the rate on completion of the recommended physical activities and its correlates among junior students in 3 urban districts of Hangzhou.Methods Describing the range on completion of the recommended physical activities and analyze its related demographic,cognitive and environmental factors with logistic regression model among 3867 juniors students.Results 7.7％ of the junior students could achieve the recommended physical activities requirements.The proportions of students who were aware of the recommendation on physical activity programs showed as 31.0％.59.2％ of juniors students had physical education (PE) classes in 3 days or more within 1 week.Factors as being male (OR=2.94),believing that adolescents should take part in at least 60 minutes' physical activities a day(OR=4.95),having PE classes in 3 days or more within 1 week (OR=1.44),with family encouragement on physical activities (OR=--1.06) and taking part in physical activities together (OR=1.14),perceiving the idea that they had enough sports equipment at home (OR=1.22) and had convenient access to sports facilities around the residential areas (OR=1.09),and perceiving the idea that it was not safe to walk or jog around the residential area (OR=i.11 ) etc.had statistically significant correlations with achieving the recommended physical activities among juniors students.Conclusion Demographic,cognitive and environmental factors had some influence on the completion of recommended physical activity program among junior students.

Behavior and knowledge on physical activity among urban junior students in Hangzhou / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To study the status of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviors and relevant knowledge to it among junior students.Methods In a cross-sectional study,a selfadministered questionnaire was used to assess the PA,sedentary behaviors and relevant knowledge on 4549 eligible urban junior students.Results Among the 4549 junior students,only 7.50％ engaged in ≥60 minutes of PA,per day.Those junior students spending 2 hours on weekdays,3 hours on weekends in doing homework and those spending ≥30 min on weekdays,2 hours on weekends in doing other sedentary activities,accounted for the highest proportion of the subjects respectively.The awareness rate of spending at least 60 minutes each day on PA to stay fit and healthy was 24.63％.Differences in gender and grade at school were significantly on ‘understanding of health benefits regarding PA' (P＜0.05).Conclusion Urban junior students were lack of awareness and appropriate behavior on physical activities so the related intervention should be taken actively to improve the current situation among the adolescents at school.

Application of health vignettes in correcting self-reported health condition / 中华流行病学杂志

To introduce the application of vignettes in the survey on health condition,we took the Hangzhou health survey as an example. We tried to find the respondents' health judgment standard by using vignettes first and discovered the population' s demographic characteristics as sex,age, years of schooling and income etc. could influence the self-reported health condition on the response category cut-points. Then the cut-points were corrected through hierarchical ordered probit model in order to reflect the respondents' self-reported health condition based on the same standard,making the result suitable for comparison. Data from our research discovered that the level of health condition of females was lower than that of males among the residents living in Hangzhou and the higher income they received, the better health condition they had. Thus, the health vignettes seemed very essential in the survey on health condition.

Study on knowledge,attitudes and use of the pre-packaged food nutrition labeling in Hangzhou supermarket consumers in 2010 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To study the prevalence rates of knowledge,attitudes and use of the nutrition labeling and related influential factors in Hangzhou supermarket consumers.Methods Using a self-developed survey questionnaire,randomly selected customers were conducted a face-toface interview program in a large supermarket of Hangzhou city.Results 586 people were interviewed,including 202 males and 384 females,with the mean age as 41.6±17.23 years.The Facts Labels'were as follows:dietary fiber(71.84%),fat(70.99%),calcium(60.75%),salt (58.36%),energy(50.85%)and sugar(39.42%).The support rates of the three attitudes indicators were"support marking the Nutrition Facts Label"(90.44%)."support marking the nutrition claims"(87.03%)and"want to know more relative knowledge"(77.13%).There were 58.36% and 80.03%first-time buyers who would read the Nutrition Facts Food Labels and the Nutrition Claims.Through logistic model analysis,male,youth,low-educated people were found to be the risk factors related to the nutrition label reading behavior.Conclusion The capacity of the reading,understanding and correct application of nutrition labeling among consumers was not satisfactory.Improvement on the readability and the authority of nutrition labeling and the development of the national nutrition knowledge and health education programs were in urgent needs.

Application of a simple random sampling method on surveys at the community level / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To study the feasibility of a simple random sampling on surveys at the community level and to evaluate the quality of samples under survey.Methods A simple random sample of households was taken,based on the electronic listings of community households from Gongshu and Xiacheng districts of Hangzhou city.One of the adults aged 18 to 64 years in the sampled households was identified with KISH method to finish a questionnaire survey.More than 500 people from the sample size was required in each district.Results Of 950 sampled households in Xiacheng district,511 (53.8%) finished the survey while 506 (36.7%) out of the 1380 sampled households in Gongshu district did.The proportions of non-response due to the following reasons as:none with eligible age in the households,relocation of the original household,mass relocation of the community,and errors in the household listings etc.were 38.3% and 43.5% respectively,in the two districts.Proportions attributed to non-response and refusal to response of sampled household or individual were 8.0% and 19.9% respectively.No statistical significant differences in age and gender were found between the surveyed samples and the population in the sampled households,or in gender between the populations in the sampled households and in Hangzhou city.However,the population in the sampled households showed a more aging population structure than the population in Hangzhou city.Conclusion In a geographically limited area,using a simple random sampling method to do the survey is feasible,based on the electronic listings of household.Enough time spent during the household visit guarantees the interviewers to get a representative sample of the sampling frame.There is an urgent need for the timeliness,completeness and accuracy of electronic household listings to be improved.

A case-crossover study on air pollutants and the mortality of stroke / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To investigate the short-term effect of particulate matter in air on the mortality of stroke. Methods Using time-stratified case-crossover study design,an association was examined between stroke mortality and particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter of ＜10μm(PM10) of 2002- 2004 in Hangzhou city.Meanwhile,the acute health effect of other gaseous pollutants (sulfur dioxide,SO2 and nitrogen dioxide,NO2) was also analyzed.Results A total of 9906 deaths of stroke were included.The crude stroke mortality was 83.54 per 100 000.After being adjusted for meteorological factors,when an increase of 10 μg/m3 in PM10,SO2 and NO2 in three days was noticed,it appeared that the increases of mortality of stroke were 0.56%(95%CI:0.14%-0.99%),1.62%(95%CI:0.26%-3.01%) and 2.07%( 95%CI:0.54%-3.62%) respectively.There was no distinct association in multipollutant models.In sensitivity analysis,the associations were found in all single-pollutant models but not statistically significant in multi-pollutant models after replacing the missing values.Conclusion It is suggested that the short-term elevation in PM10 as well as SO2 and NO2 daily concentrations were related to the increase of stroke mortality in Hangzhou city.

Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms and haplotypes in DNA repair gene XRCC1 with susceptibility of breast cancer / 浙江大学学报·医学版

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To examine the contribution of the three most common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in XRCC1 gene, C26304T, G27466A and G28152A, to susceptibility of breast cancer in Chinese Han population.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>In this population-based case control study, 84 cases with breast cancer and 252 controls, matched to the cases in terms of habitation and age (5 years), were genotyped for the XRCC1 C26304T, G27466A and G28152A polymorphisms by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) methods. The haplotype distribution was estimated and compared by EH linkage software 1. 2.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The distribution of basic characteristics, such as age, alcohol drinking, the family history of malignancy in first and second relatives except cigarette smoking, were not significantly different between cases and controls. However, the percentage of ever or current smokers was significantly higher in cases (7.1%) than that in controls (2.0%). The distributions of allelotype and genotype of C26304T, G27466A and G28152A polymorphisms were also not significantly different between cases and controls. There was no significant association between the risk of breast cancer and these three SNPs of XRCC1 gene. The genetic linkage disequilibrium existed in these three polymorphic sites both in cases and controls, in which the CGG, CGA, CAG and TGG haplotypes were the most common. There was also no significant association of XRCC1 haplotype with risk of breast cancer.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>XRCC1 C26304T, G27466A and G28152A SNPs may not be associated with the susceptibility of breast cancer. The CGG, CGA, CAG and TGG haplotypes might be the most common haplotypes in Chinese Han population.</p>

Perioperative management of orthopaedic patients with hemophilia A / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To discuss the perioperative management of hemophiliacs A with orthopaedic complications.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>To regulate the injection of factor VIII concentrate in peroperative period by testing the level of factor VIII:C in 27 cases. The lever of factor VIII:C was improved to 30% - 50% at the day before the operation. To the severe patients, it was maintained at 58.5% - 89.3% during the operation and at 47.0% - 78.4% in postoperation. While to the gentle, it was maintained at 38.5% - 52.5% during the operation and at 29.2% - 52.3% in postoperation. The individualized surgical procedures were carried out, such as arthrocentesis, open knee synovectomy or arthroscopic synovectomy, evacuation or curettage of haematoma, debridements, internal fixation.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All patients were cured in 14 - 105 days by regulating the injection of factor VIII during the peroperative period. The usage of factor VIII was 1 200 - 70 250 IU.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>While the hemophiliacs have orthopaedic complications, it is necessary to promise the factor VIII:C being maintained at the lever of hemostasis during the peroperative period. The hemophiliacs are endurable to the operation.</p>